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Ukrainian Technical Physics Institute (UTPI), which played the outstanding
role in development of physical science in the USSR, had been organized at Kharkov in 1928
after personal proposal of Academician A.F.Ioffe. Addressing to Ukrainian Sovnarkom
(Council of People Commissars) he wrote: "To my mind, such institute must have
connections with industry... According this concept it would be expedient to arrange the
institute at Kharkov, indeed". |
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Leningrad Technical Physics Institute gave a greate help to organize the
new scientific center, the whole group of its young talented collaborators was assigned
for UTPI headed by I.V.Obreimov as the first UTPI director. From the early days of
UTPI activity the research on atomic nuclear properties and mechanism of nuclear reactions
had begun. In 22 October, 1932, the report in ''Pravda" had been published which
announced: "Ukrainian Technical Physics Institute at Kharkov after urgent work
dedicated to XV October Anniversary have achieved the first success in atomic nuclear
splitting. In 10 October the high-voltage brigade have split lithium nuclear. The works
are going on."
Scientific leaders of UTPI who realized the first atomic nuclear splitting in our
country were K.D.Sinelnikov, A.K.Walter, A.I.Leypunsky and G.K.Latyshev.
Shortly after, also for the first time in the USSR, liquid hydrogen and helium had been
produced at UTPI. L.V.Shubnikov, N.E.Alexeyevsky, V.I.Hotkevich, J.N.Ryabinin and
G.D.Shepelev put the fundamental contribution in this matter. |
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These two outstanding achievements in the field of experimental physics
turned Kharkov into "double-capital of physical science of the Soviet Union".
Kharkov became both the capital of nuclear physics and of nuclear energetics, and the
capital of cold also - i.e. the capital of low temperature and of solid state physics. Not
at Moscow, and not at Leningrad, and not at any other center of the USSR science -
these results had been obtained at Kharkov, at UTPI, at the very beginning of 30s of XX
century. The international signficance of this achievements increased to a conciderable
extent by theoretical works of L.D.Landau who was at the head of UTPI Theoretical
Department.
Kharkov - UTPI - had become the place of meeting and co-operation of institute
collaborators with outstanding physicists of the world scale. In 1934-1935 the institute
have been visited by Nilse Bor, Jolio-Cury, Perren and other scientific luminaries of that
time. |
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At the beginning of 60s new, young and full of energy President of
Ukrainian Academy of Science Boris Evgenyevich Paton decided, fisrt of all, to give the
development level of science in Ukraine a proper appreciation. For this purpose he
organized the visit in Ukraine of AS of the USSR scientific delegation headed by
President M.V.Keldysh. Academicians A.P.Vinogradov, S.V.Vonsovsky, B.P.Constantinov,
J.A.Mitropolsky, A.A.Smirnov became the members of this delegation. In May 1964 delegation
of scientists first visited Kharkov. They need to clear up the important question - how
developed the brilliant traditions of physical science of 30s at UTPI? |
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Passing by the severe and hard years, immediately after the Greate
Patriotic War of 1941-1945 UTPI was just regenerated from ashes and began to develop
swiftly the new fields of physical science. Turning back to the 30s, one more important
result should be mentioned, which had been achieved at UTPI. Some years later after
"double-capital" period there had been created, also for the first time in the
USSR, (under direction of A.A.Slutzkin and with participation of D.I.Truten', S.J.Braude,
A.J.Usikov) the three-coordinate radiolocator with decimetre wavelength, which gave the
possibility "to see" flying aeroplane, to determine all three its coordinates
from the 50 km distance. The single antenna version of this radiolocator with netted
paraboloid which had been created in 1942 at Uzbekistan (Buchara) then used during the
Greate Patriotic War in operations at North Front, near Murmansk. |
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During 50s UTPI, renamed as PTI of AS of UkrSSR, appeared as ancestor of
two new physical institutes at Kharkov: Institute of Radiophysics and Electronics (IRE) of
AS of UkrSSR was organized in 1955, and Institute of Low Temperature Physics &
Engineering (ILTPE) of AS of UkrSSR was organized in 1960. |
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Scientific tendencies, themes and results of woks at these institutes were
learned by the scientific delegation, and President Keldysh said at final meeting:
"All three physical institutes of AS of UkrSSR at Kharkov are institutes of the most
high international class. At each of them several results have been achieved exceeding the
world level in corresponding fields of modern science." So the above question have
got such answer: UTPI achievements tradition of 30s by means of physical sciences
development have been continued successfully at Kharkov physical institutes in the middle
of 60s. |
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70s, 80s, 90s... These years brought to UTPI (to Kharkov Technical Physics
Institute now) the new discoveries and achievements. It's enough to mention the basic
research directions of Plazm Physics Department of this institute: stellarators -
"URAGAN (STORM)" program, "PUCHOK (PENCIL OF RAYS)" program (plazm
electronics, new acceleration methods), "JUPITER" program (elecromagnetic
retention of plazm), "BULAT (UNUSUALLY FIRM STEEL)" program as "the
child" of thermo-nuclear research. At the same time Kharkov scientists don't hide the
deep anxiety on the future of fundamental nuclear physics both in Ukraine and in the
world. Crysis of nuclear physics research, which had began in the Soviet Union yet in 70s,
was provoked by leg in creation of power accelerators. After gaining of independence
Ukraine have got a great number of nuclear weapon and reactors, although all necessery for
its creation and finctioning scientific and technical means lost in Russia. If the
weapon could be handed over to another countries, then what must be done with reactors? So
without another countries aid Ukraine couldn't have managed. And the euipment of Ukrainian
research institutes being engaged in fundamental nuclear physics is hopelessly out of date
now. Every new spiral in nuclear research needs in essential increase of expenses,
sometimes it's beyond the country powers even in case of its developed, mighty economics.
Alas, Ukraine can't boast of this for the present. At the same time there is obvious
necessity to keep the research groups till better times in spite of all troubles. The hope
for such keeping is stated by leading physicists of Kharkov. |
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"Beauty is multisemantic", said Jordano Bruno. One of its the
most high and exciting meanings is in the verily mined by science, i.e. in the beaty
overtaken by mind. The development of physics at Kharkov is a way of verily cognition by
means of professonal energies combined with high moral of physicists. Tendence of this
cognition continues till nowadays and is based on human's merit in his act of thinking;
Bles Pascal said about that with such feeling: "In Space the Universe envelopes and
absorbs me as a point; in thought I envelope It". |
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In this page some materials of Photo Album published by
Academician A.J.Usikov and notes of Prof.J.M.Ranyuk were used. |
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